Internet Name Server Windows (WINS) Overview
WINS is an increase of NetBIOS name server (NBNS), which was designed by Microsoft to resolve NetBIOS computer names to IP addresses, while eliminating the use of broadcasts for name resolution. In this way, remove WINS traffic generated by the broadcasting network. WINS provides a WINS database that is used to store and maintain the NetBIOS computer names to IP addresses allocated. WINS registers NetBIOS computer names, and stores these logs client names in the WINS database. The records are used when consulting clients host name resolution and information services. The database is used to resolve a NetBIOS name to an IP address.
WINS can resolve the NetBIOS names for local hosts and remote hosts. Clients that are configured to use a WINS server in a NetBIOS name server (NBNS) are called WINS enabled clients or customers WINS. Customers who are not configured to use WINS for name resolution broadcast are called clients.
The main advantages of using WINS to resolve NetBIOS computer names to IP addresses are:
* NetBIOS client requests are passed to the WINS server. If the WINS server resolves the NetBIOS name to an IP address, broadcast traffic is not sent over the network. This basically means that the traffic generated by the diffusion is reduced. Emissions are only used if the WINS server is unable to resolve the NetBIOS name.
* The WINS database is updated dynamically. This ensures that the database remains current.
* When a WINS client’s IP address changes, the client automatically updates the WINS database on WINS server with the change.
* The need to manually maintain an LMHOSTS file for each team is eliminated.
* A WINS-enabled client can communicate with a WINS server, which is in any part of the InterNetwork.
When a WINS-enabled client queries the WINS database, the following events occur. This chain of events is often termed the WINS name resolution:
1. The NetBIOS name cache is primarily a control input that is associated with the requested name.
2. A name query request message is sent to the primary WINS server WINS configured for the client.
3. WINS uses User Datagram Protocol (UDP) port 137 for communication.
4. The WINS server performs a search in WINS database to determine if the queried name exists in the database.
5. Depending on whether the NetBIOS name is in the database, the WINS server returns a positive answer, or whether a negative response to the client.
6. If the server locates the WINS NetBIOS name in the WINS database in your search, and has been active NetBIOS name, IP address is returned to the client. Search Service also asked back. This is called a positive response, and sent in the form of a name query POSITIVE RESPONSE message to the client.
7. If the server locates the WINS NetBIOS name in the WINS database in your search, but the state has a NetBIOS name other than the active state, a negative response is returned to the client where the client is informed that the NetBIOS name requested is not available. The customer is not required to transmit a broadcast NetBIOS name resolution.
8. If the WINS server can not find the NetBIOS name in the WINS database in your search, a negative response is returned to the client. This takes the form of a name query NEGATIVE RESPONSE message. The customer is obliged to transmit a broadcast NetBIOS name resolution.
9. The WINS server sends the client a number of defendants WAITING RESPONSE message if you can not immediately respond to the request. This keeps customers from waiting time while awaiting a response from the WINS server.
10. If a client is configured to use a primary WINS server and a secondary WINS server, the client uses the secondary WINS server if the primary WINS server is not responding to your request. The client proceeds to send the name query request to the secondary WINS server for name resolution.
WINS client records because they are not permanent, registration information can become obsolete. The validity of the WINS client records is determined by the time of life of the WINS servers. WINS clients use a three step process to ensure that the registration information in the WINS database remains current:
* WINS name registration: A WINS client is configured with the IP address of one or two WINS servers:
primary server or WINS The WINS client registers its NetBIOS name and IP address with the primary WINS server when the client starts initially. To this end, the WINS client sends a request message name registration directly to the primary WINS server configuration. The request message includes the name registry when the NetBIOS name is registered for the customer. This is defined as the Time to Live (TTL). The WINS server stores the NetBIOS name of the IP address mapping in the WINS database.
If the primary WINS server is unavailable, the WINS client tries to register twice with the primary WINS server before attempting to register in a secondary WINS server.
or secondary WINS server: When a client is configured with the IP address of WINS servers, the secondary WINS server only tried WINS name registration after the client tried unsuccessfully to contact the primary WINS server.
When either the primary or secondary WINS server WINS server receives a request for registration of names of WINS, the WINS server first searches its database to determine whether the requested name. The client is successfully registered with the WINS server if the client is the name that the record does not exist in the WINS database. If the name already exists in the database, the WINS server sends a request message name query to the registrant to determine whether the name is still active. If the current owner responds with a name query hit, the WINS server sends the client a negative name registration message. In this case, the WINS server denied registration in the name of the new client. If the current owner responds with a name query answer is no, the WINS server purge the existing record in your database, and assigns the name to the new client.
* WINS Name Renewal: NetBIOS names in the WINS database are recorded only for a specific period of time. This is called the TTL period. The default TTL jour 6 days. This basically means that NetBIOS name registrations with the WINS server is only temporary. WINS clients, therefore, have to renew their names to remain in the current WINS database. As mentioned above, the WINS database is updated dynamically. Customers can register their names and record their names. This is done in the setting ranges and depends on the TTL interval of the names registered.
The range of TTL is reset when the following events occur:
When a client or WINS restarts, register your name with the WINS server. This is in the range of TTL is reset.
or However, if the WINS client is already connected to the network in half the range of TTL, your name starts to send request messages to the server UPDATE WINS. The WINS server responds with a POSITIVE NAME UPDATE RESPONSE message that resets the TTL interval.
However, if the WINS WINS server replies to a customer with an UPDATE THE NAME OF NEGATIVE RESPONSE message, the client has to register a NetBIOS name with the WINS server. The current name registration is canceled.
If the primary WINS server is not available when the client tries to renew the name, the client repeats the request for renewal of name every 10 minutes until one hour has passed. At this stage, the client uses a secondary WINS server if one is configured. If the secondary WINS server is not responding, the client also repeated the request for renewal to name 10 minutes to one hour intervals until it is gone. This process of change of name to WINS servers attempt renewal continues until one of the following events:
The name or the time is renewed.
TTL interval expires or finally
* WINS Release Name: The name of WINS release process occurs when WINS clients perform the following events:
or the computer shuts down.
NetBIOS or stop a service or application.
When these events occur, the computer sends a request message to the server RELEASE NAME WINS. The message indicates that the NetBIOS name registered must be vanquished in the WINS database. The name is released when the WINS server returns a POSITIVE NAME RELEASE RESPONSE message. In this case, the WINS server is the NetBIOS name and IP address in the WINS database, which corresponds to the sending client. A NAME RELEASE NEGATIVE RESPONSE message is sent when the record for the NetBIOS name in the WINS database has a different IP address to the sending client WINS.
Major clients use NetBIOS h-node (hybrid) type of query for name resolution. Increased use the h-node type p-node type (peer-to-peer) and type b-node (broadcasts), and DNS to resolve NetBIOS names to IP addresses. Increased h-node type is the default node type used in Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 customers who have NetBIOS configured a WINS server for name resolution. The order in which Mayor h-node type clients resolve NetBIOS names are:
* NetBIOS name cache.
* Primary WINS Server
* Secondary WINS Server
* Method name resolution broadcast.
* LMHOSTS File
* DNS name cache
* HOSTS File
* DNS Server
Considerations for the implementation of the WINS servers
Since Windows 2000 was the first Windows operating system that NetBIOS name was no longer required, you might still need support for NetBIOS name if you have legacy applications. Remember, all Windows operating systems earlier than Windows 2000 require the support of NetBIOS names.
A WINS server is typically not required for NetBIOS name resolution when the network is only a small local network that resides on a physical network segment, and no more than 50 customers.
To implement WINS, you only need a WINS server for a InterNetwork. However, the application of two WINS servers provides fault tolerance for name resolution. The recommendations for the implementation of WINS servers are:
* Apply two WINS servers. This provides fault tolerance for name resolution. The secondary WINS server is used for name resolution if the primary WINS server is not available to service WINS clients requests.
* A server can cope with WINS name records of 1500 and approximately 4,500 queries per minute names. It is advisable to have a WINS server and a backup WINS server for every 10,000 customers.
* Do not use DHCP to configure the TCP / IP WINS server.
* The WINS server should be assigned the following TCP / IP:
o An IP address
and Subnet Mask
and Default Gateway
Installing the WINS service using the Control Panel / Add or Remove Programs
1. Click Start, and then click Control Panel.
2. Click Add or Remove Programs.
3. Click Add / Remove Windows Components to start the Windows Components Wizard.
4. On the Windows Components in the Components list, click Networking Services. Click the Details button.
5. In the Services dialog box network, select the Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) check box.
6. Click OK, and then click Next.
7. The WINS service starts the installation process.
8. Click Finish.
Installing the WINS service using the Control Panel / Network Connections window
1. Click Start, and then click Control Panel.
2. Click Network Connections.
3. Right-click Network Connections and select Open from the context menu.
4. Click Advanced and select Optional Networking Components.
5. Installing the WINS service through the Windows Components Wizard optional network.
Configuring the WINS server
Configuring the WINS server, and management consists of the following administrative tasks:
* Configure WINS replication: This includes:
or configuration of replication partners
Configuration or a method of replication (s)
* Managing the WINS database. This includes:
o The management of entries in the WINS database
or backup the WINS database
or Restore the WINS database
MMC console used to configure the WINS server is the WINS console. The WINS console is automatically added to the Administrative Tools menu to install the WINS service. Through the WINS console, you can perform the following functions:
* View information about WINS servers configured in the network.
* Perform tasks WINS configuration and management tasks.
* View the contents of the WINS database and locate the entries in the database.
To open the WINS console,
1. Click Start, Administrative Tools, and then click WINS
As mentioned earlier, you must apply WINS redundancy in its design to its WINS servers can push or pull database information among themselves. This ensures that all data WINS database is similar to all WINS servers. The mechanism can be used to implement redundancy in its design is WINS WINS replication. If all the information in the WINS database is the same, customers can configure the NetBIOS WINS server IP addresses numerous. This ensures that you can use WINS for name resolution, if one of the WINS server has failed.
How to configure WINS replication
To replicate each other, the WINS servers on your network must be configured as replication partners. This can be done manually or automatically:
* Manually configuring WINS server replication partners is done by an administrator. You have to know the name of the WINS server or WINS server IP address to be configured as a replication partner.
* Automatically create WINS replication partners is carried out through the automatic setup function Partner Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003.
How to manually configure replication partners of the WINS server
1. Click Start, Administrative Tools, and then click WINS to open the WINS console.
2. In the console tree, right-click the WINS server and click New replication partner from the context menu.
3. In the new dialog replication partners, enter the IP address of the WINS server you want replication to occur with.
4. Click OK
5. To realize the above process on the other WINS server.
How to automatically create WINS replication partners
1. Click Start, Administrative Tools, and then click WINS to open the WINS console.
2. In the console tree, right-click replication partners, and then select Properties from the context menu.
3. Click the Advanced tab.
4. Select the Enable check box for configuring a partner.
5. Click OK.
How to configure WINS replication methods
After the WINS replication partners are configured, you have to specify how to carry out replication between WINS servers. The two methods available are:
* Pull replication: With pull replication, the data is pulled by WINS WINSserver1 of WINSserver2. This method must be used if the network connectivity between WINS servers is not as fast. The pull method allows you to configure replication when replication to occur between your WINS servers.
* Push replication: With push replication, data is pushed from WINS WINSserver1 to WINSserver2. Push replication is used when fast network connectivity between the WINS servers. With push replication, a specific number (number of changes in version ID) indicates how many changes must occur in the WINS database before replication occurs. When the number is reached, a message is sent to the replication partner to inform the couple that wins the data must be replicated. In order to enhance replication to occur, the replication partner must send a request message before its replication partner can push WINS push data changes to it.
By default, when the WINS replication partners are configured, both push and pull replication is specified. To see the replication of existing method (s)
1. Click Start, Administrative Tools, and then click WINS to open the WINS console.
2. In the console tree, select Replication Partners
3. Select the replication partner and the method of reproduction that you want to see in the details pane.
4. Right click on the specific replication partner, and then select Properties from the context menu.
5. When the Properties dialog for the replication partner opens, click the Advanced tab.
Setting pull replication
1. Click Start, Administrative Tools, and then click WINS to open the WINS console.
2. In the console tree, right-click replication partners, and then select Properties from the context menu.
3. Click on the Pull Replication tab.
4. In the hours, minutes and seconds boxes Start Time field, enter the time you want to remove replication to start automatically. The default configuration of all 0s indicates pull replication does not occur automatically.
5. In the hours, minutes and seconds boxes replication interval field, enter the time interval for pull replication. The default is 30 minutes.
6. The number of retries field, enter the number of attempts to do WINS service to connect to a replication partner.
7. Select the Start pull replication at startup of the service in case you want to throw that WINS replication occurs when the service starts.
8. Select the use of persistent connections pull replication partners check box if you want a connection to a replication partner to remain open to replication.
9. Click OK.
How to configure replication Thrust
1. Click Start, Administrative Tools, and then click WINS to open the WINS console.
2. In the console tree, right-click replication partners, and then select Properties from the context menu.
3. Click the Push Replication tab.
4. By selecting the box to start the service if you want the server to inform your WINS replication partners of the database changes when you start the WINS service. The default is that this option is not selected.
5. Select the checkbox When changes of address if you want the server to inform your WINS replication partners of the database changes when there are changes in direction. The default is that this option is not selected.
6. The number of changes to the version identification on the ground prior to replication, the number of database changes have to occur before they are reported to partners Replication Replication is pushing forward to carried out.
7. Select the use of persistent connections pull replication partners check box if you want a connection to a replication partner to remain open to replication.
8. Click OK.
How to force replication manually all replication partners
1. Click Start, Administrative Tools, and then click WINS to open the WINS console.
2. In the console tree, right-click replication partners, and then select Replicate Now from the contextual menu.
3. Click OK in the message requesting the manual verification of replication should happen with all replication partners.
How to manually force replication with a replication partner
1. Click Start, Administrative Tools, and then click WINS to open the WINS console.
2. In the console tree, select Replication Partners, and then right-click a specific replication partner.
3. Select Start Pull replication in the menu if you want to start pulling replication. Click Yes in the message that the request would cause may increase network traffic. Click OK to begin pull replication.
4. Select Start Push Replication from the menu if you want to start push replication. When replication Press the Start dialog box appears, select the pair of starting with this unique option. Click OK to start push replication.
Configuration Options Advanced Configuration WINS
1. Click Start, Administrative Tools, and then click WINS to open the WINS console.
2. In the console tree, right-click the WINS server, and then select Properties from the context menu.
3. Click the Advanced tab.
4. Enable verbose logging of events from Windows event log checkbox if you want the WINS Service WINS to record specific events in the system log of the WINS server. Enabling this option for troubleshooting, it is recommended.
5. Check the box labeled Enable burst handling if you want to enable WINS server to handle simultaneously a large number of applications. This advanced setting is enabled by default. Choose from the following options: Low (300), Medium (500), High (1000), or customized, and then enter your own number).
6. You can change the path where the WINS database and log files are set in the route database.
7. Since version ID (hexadecimal) box, enter the number to be used to launch the version number of the WINS database. The default is 1.
8. Select use computer names that are compatible with LAN Manager check box if you want non-Microsoft NetBIOS clients to register with the WINS server. This setting is enabled by default.
9. Click OK.
Managing the WINS database
The administrative tasks that you need to carry out the management of the WINS database are:
* Locate WINS record entries in the WINS database: You can use the WINS console WINS to locate specific entries or records. You can filter the records in the WINS database by:
or NetBIOS Name
or IP Address
Windows 2000 WINS, you can find entries in the WINS database using the following search criteria:
Register or name
Record or owner.
With Windows Server 2003 WINS, you can find entries in the WINS database using the following search criteria:
Register or name
Register or owner
Type or register
o Use a combination of the above.
* Add records to WINS the WINS database: Name of IP address assignments can be added to the WINS database:
or dynamic: This occurs when a WINS client registers NetBIOS name or renews the WINS server.
or Manually: An administrator can manually add the name of the allocations of IP addresses in the WINS database.
* Remove records from the WINS database WINS: This is what happens:
Dynamics or the release of their clients with the WINS NetBIOS name WINS server.
or Manually: An administrator can manually delete the name of IP address assignments from the WINS database.
* Verify WINS database consistency: by checking the consistency of the records in WINS, you can ensure that the database only contains current WINS WINS entries. Checking consistency of database helps to identify incorrect WINS records in the WINS database.
* Reconcile records WINS: This is the process by which records are checked WINS, or validated. This ensures that the integrity of the records in the WINS database is maintained.
* Manually Compact the WINS database: You have to manually compact the WINS database to keep the database size. The WINS database WINS grows as more clients are added to it.
* Backup and restore the WINS database
The WINS database is called wins.mdb, and is in the following folder by default:
*% Systemroot% \ system32 \ wins
How to view the records in the WINS database
1. Click Start, Administrative Tools, and then click WINS to open the WINS console.
2. In the console tree, right-click the WINS server whose database you want to view WINS records, and then select Show Records in the context menu.
How to view the records in the WINS database
1. Click Start, Administrative Tools, and then click WINS to open the WINS console.
2. In the console tree, right-click Active Registrations, and then select Show Records in the context menu.
3. Documents on the screen when you open the dialog box, you are presented with the following tabs:
* Register Mapping
* Register of Owners
* Types of registration
4. You can specify search parameters on each tab. When searching for the WINS database is made, which include the information specified in each tab.
5. You can filter your search by:
* Name Pattern Matching
* IP Address Matching
* Matching the IP address based on the subnet mask.
6. You can select the checkbox Enable output cache if you want the search results cached locally on the machine running the query.
How to add a WINS the WINS database
WINS dynamically only adds to the entries in the WINS database for WINS-enabled client. Customers who are not configured to use WINS does not automatically have their name to IP address assignments added to the WINS database. You can manually add registry entries for non-WINS enabled NetBIOS clients so that their customers can not use WINS WINS WINS consulting clients. To manually add registry entries to the WINS database, the entries are deemed to add static entries, or name a static IP address assignments. These entries remain in the WINS database manually until it is deleted.
The different types of NetBIOS names that can still be added to the WINS database are those automatically registers names that WINS:
* Single, identifies a unique NetBIOS name of the IP address mapping.
* Group, adds the entry to a working group of the IP address is not stored in WINS, and is resolved through broadcasting.
* Domain Name A domain name identifies the mapping of the domain controllers in Windows NT with a log entry.
* Internet Group, to create groups to manage resources. This group is used for administrative purposes.
* Multihomed; identifies a computer that has multiple interface cards with different IP addresses.
Adding to the allocations WINS database, which override any default record dynamically added WINS. However, you can set to not allow to occur through the Overwrite unique mappings for this server (migrate) option. When activated the option of a WINS server, manually configure all static assignments in the database are handled as dynamically added WINS records. The option can be configured differently (on / off) for each WINS server.
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